Remote Sensing Control Surveying includes measuring to compute a 3D position for location, orientation, and scale and includes which mapping techniques?

• A. Traditional chain surveying
• B. Aerial triangulation only
• C. Photogrammetry, LiDAR, and Sonar
• D. GPS only

Answer: (C)

Remote sensing control surveying relies on measuring with multiple sensing technologies to establish accurate 3D positions, orientation, and scale. Photogrammetry uses overlapping images and parallax to derive 3D coordinates and camera orientation. LiDAR provides direct 3D measurements by emitting laser pulses and recording returns, creating detailed point clouds that represent terrain and objects. Sonar fills a similar role for underwater mapping by measuring depths and constructing 3D models of submerged features. Together, these techniques cover both above- and below-surface mapping in a single framework.

Traditional chain surveying is a manual field method and not a remote-sensing approach. Aerial triangulation is a photogrammetric process for linking photos to form geometry, but it doesn’t alone encompass LiDAR or sonar. GPS-only overlooks the broader suite of mapping technologies used in remote sensing control surveys.